What distinguishes summative assessment from formative assessment?

Summative assessment is characterized by its purpose of evaluating student learning at the conclusion of an instructional unit or period. This type of assessment is typically used to measure the extent to which students have absorbed the material, often through tests, final projects, or standardized exams. By assessing at the end of a unit, it provides a clear picture of students' overall achievement and understanding, often used for accountability and to inform decisions regarding grades or future instruction.

In contrast, formative assessment takes place throughout the instructional process. It is designed to monitor student learning and provide ongoing feedback that can be used by instructors to enhance teaching and by students to improve their learning. This means formative assessments are integrated into daily learning experiences.

The distinction between the two is significant: summative assessments give a snapshot of learning at a specific point in time, while formative assessments aim to cultivate and improve learning as it happens. This understanding helps educators strategically implement both forms of assessment to support student outcomes effectively.